社会主义

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社会主义(socialism)

私有财产和收入的分配受到社会控制的一种社会组织体系；也指将这类体系付诸实施的政治运动。由於「社会控制」一语的含义可作多种解释，所以社会主义也有种种的差异，可以是中央集权论者，也可以是自由意志论者；可以是马克思主义的，也可以是自由主义的。社会主义一词最初是用来描述法国傅立叶（F.-M.-C. Fourier）、圣西门（Henri de Saint-Simon）以及英国欧文（R. Owen）阐发的理论，他们主张在一种非强制性的合作社区中，人们共同进行无竞争的劳动，谋求全体人民心灵和物质上的幸福（参阅utopia）。此後马克思和恩格斯将社会主义看作是从资本主义通向共产主义道路上的一个历史转折阶段，将社会主义运动中他们认为有用的部分挪用来发展他们的「科学社会主义」。在20世纪，苏联是那种严格的中央集权社会主义的典范，而瑞典和丹麦则采纳众所周知的非共产主义的社会主义。亦请参阅collectivism、communitarianism、social democracy。

English version：

socialism

System of social organization in which private property and the distribution of income are subject to social control; also, the political movements aimed at putting that system into practice. Because “social control” may be interpreted in widely diverging ways, socialism ranges from statist to libertarian, from Marxist to liberal. The term was first used to describe the doctrines of Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen, who emphasized noncoercive communities of people working noncompetitively for the spiritual and physical well-being of all (see utopian socialism). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, seeing socialism as a transition state between capitalism and communism, appropriated what they found useful in socialist movements to develop their “scientific socialism.” In the 20th century, the Soviet Union was the principal model of strictly centralized socialism, while Sweden and Denmark were well-known for their noncommunist socialism. See also collectivism, communitarianism, social democracy.