第一次世界大战
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第一次世界大战(1914~1918年)WorldWarI,亦作FirstWorldWar。1914~1918年发生的国际冲突,交战双方为同盟国(主要为德国、奥匈帝国和土耳其)与协约国(主要为法国、英国、俄国、义大利和日本,1917年还有美国)。1914年6月,一名塞尔维亚人民族主义分子刺杀了奥地利的法兰西斯.斐迪南大公。随即一连串的军事威胁与军事动员,终於使两联盟在8月中旬爆发了全面战争。德国长期以来准备在两条战线上进行陆地战,在西线,其军队迂回绕过法国主要防御部队,向西穿过比利时南下,直扑巴黎。法国得到增援,使巴黎幸免被占领。由於现代大炮和机枪的巨大火力,战争迅速转为消耗战,1916年索姆河战役与凡尔登战役以及1918年初德国的大规模反攻均未能打破这一局面。在东线,1914年俄国早期的反攻深入东普鲁士和德属波兰,但俄军被德奥部队截住。1915年在德军一次惊人的反击中俄军被赶回本国领土。虽然俄军又发动几次反攻,却无法突破德方防线。俄国作战不力,伤亡惨重,引起国内广泛不满,导致1917年俄国革命。其他战场虽包括加利波利和达达尼尔;高加索和波斯;美索不达米亚和埃及;的里雅斯特西北的伊松佐河谷。在海上,德国与英国的舰队间的日德兰半岛之战,但未分胜负。德国使用舰艇,以阻断英伦三岛的海上供应线。促使美国於1917年参战。1917年12月俄国与德国签订和约,退出战争。德军从东线撤往西线,但因美军抵达法国,将其力量抵销。1918年秋,德国对西线的大反攻遭到失败。协约国军队收复了德军占领的法国领土及比利时部分地区。11月德国与协约国签订停战协定,据估计战争中死亡人数为一千万,受伤人数为两千一百万,七百七十万人失踪或囚禁。亦请参阅Caporetto,Battleof、FourteenPoints、Lusitania、ParisPeaceConference、Brest-Litovsk,treatiesof、Neuilly,Treatyof、Saint-Germain,Treatyof、Sevres,Treatyof、Trianon,Treatyof、Versailles,Treatyof、EdmundHenryHynmanAllenby、Foch,Ferdinand、French,John、Haig,Douglas、Hindenburg,Paulvon、Joffre,Joseph-Jacques-Cesaire、Ludendorff,Erich、Pershing,John。Englishversion:1914~1918年WorldWarIInternationalconflictbetweentheCentralPowers—Germany,Austria-Hungary,andTurkey—andtheAlliedPowers—mainlyFrance,Britain,Russia,Italy,and(from1917)theU.S.AfteraSerbiannationalistassassinatedArchdukeFrancisFerdinandofAustriainJune1914,achainofthreatsandmobilizationsresultedinageneralwarbetweentheantagonistsbymid-August.Preparedtofightawarontwofronts,basedontheSchlieffenPlan,GermanyfirstsweptthroughneutralBelgiumandinvadedFrance.AftertheFirstBattleoftheMarne(1914),theAllieddefensivelineswerestabilizedinFrance,andawarofattritionbegan.Foughtfromlinesoftrenchesandsupportedbymodernartilleryandmachineguns,infantryassaultsgainedlittlegroundandwereenormouslycostlyinhumanlife,especiallyattheBattlesofVerdunandtheSomme(1916).OntheEasternfront,RussianforcesinitiallydrovedeepintoEastPrussiaandGermanPoland(1914),butwerestoppedbyGermanandAustrianforcesattheBattleofTannenbergandforcedbackintoRussia(1915).Afterseveraloffensives,theRussianarmyfailedtobreakthroughtheGermandefensivelines.Russia'spoorperformanceandenormouslossescausedwidespreaddomesticdiscontentthatledtotheRussianRevolutionof1917.OtherfrontsinthewarincludedtheDardanellesCampaign,inwhichBritishandDominionforceswereunsuccessfulagainstTurkey;theCaucasusandPersia,whereRussiafoughtTurkey;MesopotamiaandEgypt,whereBritishforcesfoughttheTurks;andnorthernItaly,whereItalianandAustriantroopsfoughtthecostlyBattlesoftheIsonzo.Atsea,theGermanandBritishfleetsfoughttheinconclusiveBattleofJutland,andGermany'suseofthesubmarineagainstneutralshippingeventuallybroughttheU.S.intothewarin1917.ThoughRussia'sarmisticewithGermanyinDecember1917releasedGermantroopstofightontheWesternFront,theAllieswerereinforcedbyU.S.troopsinearly1918.Germany'sunsuccessfuloffensiveintheSecondBattleoftheMarnewascounteredbytheAllies'steadyadvance,whichrecoveredmostofFranceandBelgiumbyOctober1918andledtotheNovemberArmistice.Totalcasualtieswereestimatedat10milliondead,21millionwounded,and7.7millionmissingorimprisoned.SeealsoBattlesofCaporetto,VimyRidge,andYpres;FourteenPoints;Lusitania;ParisPeaceConference;TreatiesofBrest-Litovsk,Neuilly,Saint-Germain,Sèvres,Trianon,andVersailles;EdmundH.H.Allenby,FerdinandFoch,JohnFrench,DouglasHaig,PaulvonHindenburg,Joseph-Jacques-CesaireJoffre,ErichLudendorff,JohnPershing.