第二次世界大战
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第二次世界大战(1939～1945年)WorldWarII，亦作SecondWorldWar。1939～1945年间发生的国际冲突。交战国为轴心国（德国、义大利和日本）与同盟国（法国、英国、美国、苏联以及中国）。德国对第一次世界大战失败的怨恨、凡尔赛和约的严酷条款导致希特勒和纳粹党的崛起。1933年，希特勒开始秘密重新武装德国。德国、义大利与日本缔结反共产国际协定。并干预西班牙内战。1938年，希特勒派兵占领奥地利（参阅Anschluss）。1939年，并吞捷克斯洛伐克。在签订「德苏互不侵犯条约」後，1939年9月德国入侵波兰。两天後，英法对德国宣战。1939年底，德国与苏联将波兰瓜分，苏联占领巴尔干国家。此外还进攻芬兰。在海上，德国对驶往英国的商船进行的有效的潜艇战。1940年4月，德国占领了挪威港口和整个丹麦。5月，德国以闪电战越过荷兰与比利时进入法国。6月被迫投降，建立维琪法国政权。接着德国空军大规模轰炸英国，准备实行横渡英吉利海峡的入侵。英国获得「不列颠战役」的胜利。1941年希特勒将匈牙利、保加利亚、罗马尼亚和斯洛伐克拉入轴心国；6月，希特勒废除1939年的「德苏互不侵犯条约」，向苏联发动大规模的突袭。德国机械部队深入俄国领土，一度达到莫斯科郊外。在东亚，日本因对华战争旷日持久而无结果，决定利用欧洲局势以夺取欧洲国家在远东的殖民地。1941年日本袭击夏威夷珍珠港和菲律宾。数日内，美国对所有轴心国宣战。日本迅速占领菲律宾、东南亚大部地区和缅甸、荷属东印度群岛及许多太平洋岛屿，但於1942年中途岛战役中惨败。美国逐岛进攻，向日本逼近。在北非，1943年英国击败义大利和德国。盟军从北非登陆西西里岛，入侵义大利，法西斯政权被推翻，德军进攻史达林格勒而未获胜。红军开始将德军逐出苏联。1944年6月6日，盟军在法国北部诺曼第登陆。盟军拥有制空权，迅速向东逼近，占领德国本土。同时苏军将德军完全逐出苏联，进入波兰、捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利和罗马尼亚。1945年5月8日德军投降。在太平洋地区，盟军於1944年占领菲律宾。雷伊泰湾战役几乎消灭了日本海军。1945年占领硫磺岛与冲绳。同年8月对广岛和长崎的原子弹轰炸使战争突然戏剧性地结束。9月2日，日本签署了正式投降条约。据估计战争中死亡人数为3,500万～6,000万，其中包括六百万死於大屠杀的犹太人。在欧洲和东亚有数百万平民受伤和无家可归。亦请参阅Anti-CominternPact、AtlanticCharter、Alamein,battlesofel-、Atlantic,The、Bulge,Battleofthe、PhilippineSea,Battleofthe、CasablancaConference、PotsdamConference、TehranConference、YaltaConference、DunkirkEvacuation、lend-lease、Munichagreement、NurembergTrials、Leningrad,Siegeof、Bradley,Omar、Churchill,Winston、Eisenhower,DwightDavid、MacArthur,Douglas、Montgomery,BernardLaw、Mussolini,Benito、Patton,George、Rommel,Erwin、Roosevelt,Franklin、Stalin,Joseph、YamamotoIsoroku、Zhukov,GeorgyKonstantinovich。Englishversion：1939～1945年WorldWarIIInternationalconflictprincipallybetweentheAxisPowers—Germany,Italy,andJapan—andtheAlliedPowers—France,Britain,theU.S.,andtheSovietUnion.PoliticalandeconomicinstabilityinGermany,combinedwithbitternessoveritsdefeatinWorldWarIandtheharshconditionsoftheTreatyofVersailles,allowedAdolfHitlerandtheNaziPartytorisetopower.Inthemid-1930s,HitlerbegansecretlytorearmGermany,inviolationofthetreaty.HesignedallianceswithItalyandJapantoopposetheSovietUnionandintervenedintheSpanishCivilWarinthenameofanticommunism.CapitalizingonthereluctanceofotherEuropeanpowerstoopposehimbyforce,hesenttroopstooccupyAustriain1938(seeAnschluss)andtoannexCzechoslovakiain1939.AftersigningtheGerman-SovietNonaggressionPact,GermanyinvadedPolandonSeptember1,1939.Twodayslater,FranceandBritaindeclaredwaronGermany.Poland'sdefeatwasfollowedbyaperiodofmilitaryinactivityontheWesternfront(seePhonyWar).AtseaGermanyconductedadamagingsubmarinecampaignbyU-boatagainstmerchantshippingboundforBritain.Byearly1940theSovietUnionhaddividedPolandwithGermany,occupiedtheBalticstates,andsubduedFinlandintheRusso-FinnishWar.InApril1940GermanyoverwhelmedDenmarkandbeganitsconquestofNorway.InMayGermanforcessweptthroughtheNetherlandsandBelgiumontheirblitzkrieginvasionofFrance,forcingittocapitulateinJuneandestablishtheVichyFranceregime.GermanythenlaunchedmassivebombingraidsonBritaininpreparationforacross-Channelinvasion,butafterlosingtheBattleofBritainHitlerpostponedtheinvasionindefinitely.Byearly1941Hungary,Romania,andBulgariahadjoinedtheAxis,andGermantroopsquicklyoverranYugoslaviaandGreeceinApril.InJuneHitlerabandonedhispactwiththeSovietUnionandlaunchedamassivesurpriseinvasionofRussia,reachingtheoutskirtsofMoscowbeforeSovietcounterattacksandwinterweatherhaltedtheadvance.InEastAsia,JapanexpandeditswarwithChinaandseizedEuropeancolonialholdings.InDecember1941JapanattackedU.S.basesatPearlHarborandinthePhilippines,andtheU.S.declaredwaronJapanandalltheAxisPowers.JapanquicklyinvadedandoccupiedmostofS.EastAsia,Burma,theNetherlandsEastIndies,andmanyPacificislands.AfterthecrucialU.S.navalvictoryattheBattleofMidway(1942),U.S.forcesbegantoadvanceupthechainsofislandstowardJapan.IntheNorthAfricaCampaigns,theBritishdefeatedItalianandGermanforcesby1943.TheAlliestheninvadedSicilyandItaly,forcingtheoverthrowoftheFascistgovernmentinJuly1943,thoughfightingagainsttheGermanscontinuedinItalyuntil1945.IntheSovietUnion,theBattleofStalingrad(1943)markedtheendoftheGermanadvance,andSovietreinforcementsingreatnumbersgraduallypushedtheGermanarmiesback.ThemassiveAlliedinvasionofWesternEuropebeganwiththeNormandyCampaigninwesternFrance(1944),andtheAllies'steadyadvanceendedintheoccupationofGermanyin1945.AfterSoviettroopspushedGermanforcesoutoftheSovietUnion,theyadvancedintoPoland,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,andRomania,andhadoccupiedtheeasternthirdofGermanybythetimethesurrenderofGermanywassignedonMay8,1945.InthePacific,anAlliedinvasionofthePhilippines(1944)wasfollowedbythesuccessfulBattleofLeyteGulfandthecostlyBattlesofIwoJimaandOkinawa(1945).ThewarinthePacificendedquicklyafteratomicbombsweredroppedonHiroshimaandNagasakiinAugust1945.Japan'sformalsurrenderonSeptember2endedthewar.Estimatesoftotalmilitaryandciviliancasualtiesvariedfrom35millionto60millionkilled,includingabout6millionJewswhodiedintheHolocaust.MillionsmorecivilianswerewoundedandmadehomelessthroughoutEuropeandEastAsia.SeealsoAnti-CominternPact;AtlanticCharter;BattlesofElAlamein,theAtlantic,theBulge,Guadalcanal,andthePhilippineSea;Casablanca,Potsdam,Tehran,andYaltaconferences;DunkirkEvacuation;lend-lease;Munichagreement;NürnbergTrials;SiegeofLeningrad;Sino-JapaneseWars;OmarBradley,WinstonChurchill,DwightD.Eisenhower,DouglasMacArthur,BernardLawMontgomery,BenitoMussolini,GeorgePatton,ErwinRommel,FranklinRoosevelt,JosephStalin,YamamotoIsoroku,GeorgyK.Zhukov.