磷

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磷(phosphorus)

非金属化学元素，化学符号P，原子序数15。其普通的同素异形现象为「白磷」，是无色有毒、半透明和柔软的蜡状固体，在黑暗中可发光（磷光），暴置於空气中可自燃，形成白色浓烟状的氧化物；用於灭鼠剂和军用烟幕。热或日光将其转化为「红磷」，一种紫罗兰红色的粉末，不会发出磷光也不会自燃。红磷的反应性和溶解力不如白磷强，用来生产其他磷的化合物和半导体、化肥和安全火柴。将白磷在压力下加热产生「黑磷」，和石墨一样薄。磷在自然界中很少单独出现。磷酸盐和磷酸酯数量很多，分布广阔，在磷灰石、磷块岩和很多其他矿物中都存在。磷在化合物中的原子价为3或5，工业用途很多。磷化氢（PH3）是一种化学原料，也是固态电子化学物的掺杂剂。有机磷化学物用作可塑剂、汽油填加剂、杀虫剂（如巴拉松）和神经毒气。

English version：

phosphorus

Nonmetallic chemical element, chemical symbol P, atomic number 15. The ordinary allotrope, “white phosphorus,” is a poisonous, colorless, semitransparent, soft, waxy solid that glows in the dark (phosphorescence) and combusts spontaneously in air, producing dense white fumes of the oxide; it is used as a rodenticide and a military smokescreen. Heat or sunlight converts it to “red phosphorus,” a violet-red powder that does not phosphoresce or combust. Much less reactive and soluble than white phosphorus, it is used in manufacturing other phosphorus compounds and in semiconductors, fertilizers, and safety matches. “Black phosphorus,” made by heating the white form under pressure, is flaky like graphite. Phosphorus seldom occurs uncombined in nature. As the phosphate ion, it is abundant and widely distributed, in apatite, phosphorite, and many other minerals. Phosphorus has valence 3 or 5 in compounds, which have many uses in industry. Phosphine (PH3) is a chemical raw material and a doping agent (deliberately added impurity) for solid-state electronics components. Organic phosphorus compounds are used as plasticizers, gasoline additives, insecticides (e.g., parathion), and nerve gases.