罗丹

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罗丹(1840～1917年)

Rodin, (Fran?ois-)Auguste (René)

法国雕刻家。早年经济上破产，又一再被修饰艺术派Ecole拒之门外，他只能靠制作装饰用的石雕来维持生活。年过三十五岁，他才在一次义大利之旅之後，摆脱学院派的桎梏，形成自己的风格。《青铜时代》（1878年展出）奠定了他作为雕刻家的声誉。这件作品表现出强烈的现实主义，以致有人控诉它是以活人为模子的。1880年受委托开始为装饰艺术博物馆制作青铜大门《地狱之门》，这件作品到他去世时也未能完成。但这件作品众多形象中的两个为他後来最着名的作品《沈思者》（1880）和《吻》（1886）提供了基础。他创作的肖像包括雨果和巴尔札克的浮雕。尽管这两件作品和其他许多作品因打破常规，而引起争论，但罗丹仍旧取得了辉煌的成就。在他的工场里，他只需要完成模子，而将铸铜和雕刻大理石的工作交由助手完成。除雕刻之外，他还绘制书籍插图，铜版画和大量素描，大多为裸体女性。他使雕塑重新成为一种个人表现艺术，也被认为是最伟大的肖像画家之一。

English version：

1840～1917年

Rodin, (Fran?ois-)Auguste (René)

French sculptor. Insolvent and repeatedly rejected by the école des Beaux-Arts, he earned his living by doing decorative stonework. Not until his late thirties, after a trip to Italy, did he develop a personal style free of academic restraints and establish his reputation as a sculptor with The Age of Bronze (exhibited 1878), whose realism was so great that he was accused of forming its mold on a living person. His Gates of Hell, a bronze door commissioned in 1880 for a proposed Musée des Arts Décoratifs, remained unfinished at his death, but two of its many figures were the bases of his most famous images, The Thinker (1880) and The Kiss (1886). His portraits include monumental figures of Victor Hugo and Honore de Balzac. Though these and many other works caused controversy for their unconventionality, he was successful enough that he could establish a workshop where he executed only molds, leaving the casting of bronze and the carving of marble to assistants. To his sculpture he added book illustrations, etchings, and numerous drawings, mostly of female nudes. He revitalized sculpture as an art of personal expression and has been considered one of its greatest portraitists.