击剑

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击剑(fencing)

按照规定动作和规则用剑－－重剑、花剑和佩剑－－进行攻击和防守的一项有组织的运动。虽然剑术起源於古代，但是在中世纪时消失。14世纪时，不管在战争中还是在绅士们的日常生活中，娴熟的剑术就变得至关重要。到了15世纪，欧洲各地纷纷成立了传授击剑术的行会。原本各个行会严加保密的技法最後都变成正统的击剑动作。17世纪下半叶，随着绅士们服装的变化，剑和剑术都发生了剧变，制定了各种规则和准则。在现代比赛中，要击中得分点才算分数（除了在佩剑比赛），而且在使用花剑的比赛中，得分点更被限制在身体的某些部位。守方是用剑身来抵挡攻击。每一次的有效击中得分多寡，端视击中对方身体的哪个部位而定。男子击剑第一次在1896年被现代奥运会列为比赛项目，女子击剑则在1924年列入。1936年引进电动计分以弥补人为判断常造成的不正确。

English version：

fencing

Sport involving attack and defense with a light sword, specifically a foil, épée, or saber that has a covered point. There is evidence of swordplay in ancient times, but it died out during the Middle Ages. In the 14th century swordplay became important both in war and the European gentleman's daily life, and by the 15th century guilds of fencing masters had formed. Strokes that were originally jealously guarded secrets of the individual guilds eventually became orthodox fencing moves. By the later 17th century, various rules and conventions had been imposed. In modern competition, hits are made with the point only, except in saber matches, and, in matches using épées, are restricted to certain areas of the body. Defense is effected by the blade. Each valid hit scores one or more points, depending on which part of the opponent's body is struck. Men's fencing was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, women's in the 1924 games. Electrical scoring was introduced in 1936 to eliminate the frequent inaccuracy of human judgment.