海战

相关tags:

海战(naval warfare)

於海面上、下或海洋上空所进行的对抗海上的其他航舰或陆上、空中目标的军事作战。最早形式的海战为一个部族或是城镇的武装人员搭乘渔船或商船所进行的袭击。最早的战船是桨帆船，16～17世纪时被配置火炮，以风帆推动的战船所取代。英国战胜西班牙无敌舰队（1588）代表着海战的重大改进，英国的战舰拒绝让西班牙的战舰接近到可以攀登并进行面对面作战的距离，并且以具有优异射击能力的火炮对其进行猛烈轰击。战列舰和巡洋舰在17～18世纪期间成为战舰的两种主要类型。19世纪晚期，蒸气动力取代风帆推进，装甲舰则对日益增强的枪炮火力提供了更佳的保护。近年来发展出的战舰在海上称霸直到第二次世界大战为止，当珍珠港事件证明了自航空母舰上起飞的轰炸机，可以击沈任何以及所有在海面上的舰艇。此後海军的空中力量，即飞弹和舰载飞机，成为世界上战舰的基本武器。潜艇在20世纪的海战中也扮演了重要的角色。

English version：

naval warfare

Military operations conducted on, under, or over the sea and waged against other seagoing vessels or targets on land or in the air. The earliest naval attacks were raids by the armed men of a tribe or town using fishing boats or merchant ships. The first warships were galleys, replaced in the 16th-17th century by sail-driven warships equipped with cannons. The British victory over the Spanish Armada (1588) marked a major development: British galleons refused to allow the Spanish ships to get close enough for boarding and hand-to-hand combat and instead pounded them with guns of superior firing capability. Ships of the line and cruisers emerged in the 17th-18th century. In the later 19th century, steam replaced sail propulsion, and ironclads offered greater protection against the increasing power of guns. The battleship, developed in these years, reigned until World War II, when the Pearl Harbor attack proved that bombers launched from aircraft carriers could sink any and all surface ships. Since then, naval air power—missiles as well as carrier-based planes—has been the primary weapon of the world's fleets. Submarines have also played a major role in 20th-century naval warfare.