聂士成在天津保卫战中英勇阵亡

Posted 2023-01-05 提督

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聂士成在天津保卫战中英勇阵亡

在中华民族抗击外侮的一次次战斗中，有一个名字我们应当记住，但事实上却又被我们刻意的遗忘了，他的事非功过就象一团浓烈的怎么也化不开的迷雾，真相在层层叠叠诸多所谓历史文献中渐渐淹没。他不应该被我们忘记。他就是聂士成。他是怎么死的？他又是如何牺牲的？

天津自古是兵戈之地，宋、辽时此为前线，金、元称直沽。明置海津镇，后取天子津渡之意以纪念明成祖朱棣夺权胜利，遂改称天津，明成祖调遣数万安徽军人及家眷世代屯边驻防天津，筑城置天津卫。在第二次鸦片战争中，列强曾三次从渤海湾直取天津取意威逼北京，迫清政府签订城下之盟。

聂士成

天津大沽口和八里台是百多年前旧战场，八里台附近有一座聂公桥，以纪念在此牺牲的清代将领聂士成，桥边有他的汉白玉雕像，供人们凭吊渐行渐远的英雄：聂士成骑在马上，挥臂指向前方。

聂士成的名字原本应该是和他同时代的谭嗣同一样闪亮的，谭是文人，诗文气节如同划过黯夜的闪电，而聂是武职，名字湮没在屈辱到令人掩卷不忍卒读的近代军史里。聂士成小传如下：聂士成字功亭，安徽合肥人。武童出身，初入淮军袁甲三部，曾随淮军将领刘铭传镇压太平军、捻军，自把总累升至提督。

中法战争期间命率军赴台湾基隆，参与抗法并屡败法军。1891年调统芦台淮、练诸军。次年，授山西太原镇总兵，仍留芦台治军。1894年中日甲午战争爆发，随提督叶志超援朝，率部扼守辽东大高岭，与日军激战十余昼夜不言退，收复连山关，击毙日将富刚三造，功授直隶提督。时清政府创立武卫军，改其所统30营为武卫前军，驻扎芦台。

1900年6月13日，率所部守卫天津，抵抗八国联军侵略。他身先士卒，与侵略军浴血奋战，身中数弹，仍裹伤指挥杀敌。7月9日，中国清朝直隶提督、武卫前军统帅聂士成在天津保卫战中英勇阵亡。聂士成率部同八国联军血战八昼夜，后因弹药匮乏、寡不敌众，于7月9日在天津八里台地区被侵略军包围。聂士成率部激战两个小时，多处负伤后仍坚持指挥战斗。

聂士成横刀跃马挺立桥头，向左右说道“此吾致命之所也，逾此一步非丈夫矣!”话音未落，一发炮弹在附近爆炸，聂士成腹部被弹片击中，肠子流出体外数寸，聂士成依旧岿然不动，这时又被子弹洞穿头部、胸部，聂士成壮烈殉国。

聂士成虽贵为一国的将军，但生活十分俭朴，始终保持普通一兵的本色。当国家处于危难之际，他身先士卒率众迎敌，无所畏惧。这样一个伟大的将士不仅拥有卓越的领到能力，可惜却英年早逝。

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历史百科聂士成殉国

·清军在机器局与联军激战

清光绪二十六年五月初(1900年6月初)，在八国联军入侵中国的民族危亡时刻，聂士成率武卫前军马步队到达天津。五月十四日(6月10日)，英国海军司令西摩尔率领八国联军2000余人，由天津向北京进犯时，戍守落垡的聂士成，立即电告裕禄，准备在杨村进行阻击，裕禄不准。聂士成愤慨欲拔营回芦台，未被允许，仍在这一带与八国联军屡屡进行小战。

在大沽炮台保卫战同时，从6月16日开始，聂士成奉命攻打天津租界，恶战十数次，相持八日，使租界岌岌可危。6月17日，八国联军攻陷大沽炮台后，大举进攻天津。退入天津城的清军，与聂士成军会同作战，壮大了力量。

6月18日晨，数百名联军，由火车站沿着铁路窜至锦衣卫桥，被聂士成武卫前军和练军、义和团奋力击退。中午，联军又在紫竹林用炮向南门外、海光寺旁的机器局轰击，致使厨房起火。

6月27日，侵略军进攻东局子，护守西面的武卫前军营官潘金山，击毙侵略者多名。又从军粮城一带突出的联军马队千余，对武卫前军形成四面包围之势，潘金山右腿被打穿，包裹伤口坚持战斗。炮弹坠入东局子棉花药库，四面火起。另一股联军由河东窜至陈家沟，抢修铁路桥座，武卫前军后路统领胡殿甲，会合义和团进行截击，打死不少敌人。并将陈家沟联军所修铁桥轰毁，侵略军逃回租界。

6月28日，马玉昆率队开进天津，连同聂士成军，清军有1.6万多人，再加上义和团3万人，力量达到4.6万余人。聂、马军并划分了攻守范围：马玉昆军负责老龙头火车站、陈家沟和紫竹林;聂士成军负责南门、海光寺、八里台一带。

6月30日，马玉昆与聂士成军联合义和团，分别攻打天津租界、老龙头火车站。联军害怕清军追及，将紫竹林处海河的浮桥拆断。驻扎在盐垛的清军，也赶来助战，敌人急忙涉水渡河，中炮落水的不少，还打死敌人战马4匹。

7月5日，聂士成率步炮营等，移扎在海光寺，并分头择地修筑炮台。7月6日，聂士成指挥士兵，把两尊大炮架在小西门围墙土台上，向租界及跑马场一带的侵略军猛烈轰击。敌军猝不及防，五六百人的马队，奔回跑马场地道内潜藏。复出后，又被炮火轰击，敌人乱作一团，四处逃窜。

当天夜里，聂士成挑选了百名勇士，乘船暗渡卫津河，潜至跑马场，向里面投掷手雷，炸死炸伤了许多敌人，攻占了跑马场和八里台。第二天，聂士成又率队，沿马场道进攻敌军据点，??直打到租界边缘的小营门，夺取了敌军的小营门炮台，侵略军携炮逃遁。

7月9日凌晨，八国联军6000多人从租界出发，向天津西南郊进攻。日本侵华军司令福岛，率领2000名日军担任主攻。敌人兵分两路，直扑聂士成军阵地; 500多名日本骑兵，攻占了城南的纪家庄，沿卫津河进攻八里台。八国联军的主力也由小营门、马场道，一直攻到八里台。

聂士成得知敌人进攻八里台的消息后，连夜从海光寺机器局赶到八里台，重新组织兵力，准备坚守八里台。这时，日军1000人，在俄、英、美军1000人援助下，完成了对聂士成军的包围。聂士成沉着应战，与敌人激战两个多小时。战斗中，聂士成身先士卒，冲锋在前。他两腿被枪弹打伤，血流如注，仍忍痛立马横刀，指挥战斗。营官宋占标，哭求聂士成退后稍息。聂士成坚决不肯，提刀挺立桥头，向官兵大声疾呼： “今天就是以死报国的日子，至死也不能后退??步! ” 他奋臂驱马，挥着战刀勇劈敌人。这时，一颗炮弹在聂士成身边炸开，他的左右两腮被弹片打穿，胫侧、脑门多处受伤，小腹被炸穿，肠子流出数寸。但他仍然继续指挥战斗，打退了敌人一次又一次的进攻。??后，一颗子弹射中他的胸膛，聂士成壮烈捐躯沙场。同时阵亡的还有宋占标等将士350多人，这就是中国近代史上著名的天津八里台保卫战。

聂士成殉国后，清政府迫于帝国主义的压力，直到光绪三十一年(1905)，才在八里台桥旁为聂士成立碑纪念，谥号 “忠节” 。碑的正面刻着： “聂忠节公殉难处” 。两侧柱石上镌刻??两条长联： “勇烈贯长虹，想当年马革裹尸，??生丹心化作怒涛飞海上; 精诚留碧血，看此地虫沙历劫，三军白骨愁歌乐府战城南” 。横额为：“生气凛然” 。八里台桥被命名为“聂公桥” 。

·聂士成纪念碑

In June 1900，Nie Shicheng led the calvary and infantryof the Pioneer Army to Tianjin during the critical timeof China when the allied forces of eight powers invadedChina. On June 10，the British commander Seymourled 2000 allied soldiers from Tianjin to Beijing. NieShicheng notified Yu Lu that it was necessary to nickat Yangcun. Yu Lu did not agree. Nie Shicheng wasvery angry and was going to return to Lutai but wasnot allowed，so he stayed and fought the enemies. Theinvaders were forced to retreat to Tianjin.

During the defense of Dagu Emplacements，Niereceived an order to attack the Tianjin concessions. Thefire was fierce; the cannons never stopped roaring. Therewere eight fights in eight days. On June 17，the alliedforces of eight powers attacked Tianjin after the fall ofDagu emplacements. The Qing army retreated to Tianjincity and joined with Nie Shicheng\'s army. The fight inthe city became more and more fierce.

In the morning of June 18，hundreds of allied forcescame to Jinyiwei Bridge from the railway station. Theywere fought back by the pioneer Army，local army andYihetuan. At noon，the allied forces shelled machinerybureau near Nanmenwai and Haiguang Temple fromZizhulin. The cabinet was on fire.

On June 27，the invaders attacked Dongjuzi. PanJinshan，the officer of the pioneer Army ordered thesoldiers not to move. When the enemies drew near，he ordered the fire by lined guns，which killed manyinvaders. Then suddenly came the calvary of theenemies，the pioneer Army was circled. Pan Jinshan\'sright leg was hit，but he continued to fight. One shell fellin the magazine of Dongjuzi and aroused fire. Anothergang of enemies went from Hedong to Chenjiagou torepair the iron bridges. Hu Dianjia led the back armyintercepted the enemies with Yihetuan. They blew awaythe iron bridge. The enemies returned to the concessions.

On June 28，Ma Yukun led his army to Tianjin.Together with Nie Shicheng\'s army，there were 16，000soldiers. Yihetuan had 30，000 members. Ma Yukun\'sarmy was responsible for the Laolongtou Station，Chenjiagou and Zizhulin; and Nie Shicheng\'s army wasresponsible for Nanmen，Haiguang Temple and Balitai.

On June 30，Ma Yukun，Nie Shicheng and Yihetuanattacked the Tianjin concessions and LaolongtouRailway Station. Meanwhile，Hu Dianjia of Dongjuziand Yihetuan also assaulted the enemies. The enemiesfled and were killed. They were afraid of being caughtby the Qing army and broke down the floating bridge ofHaihe River. The Qing army stationed at Yanduo alsojoined the fight. The enemies went through the river forlife. Many were hit by shells. Four horses were killed.

The Haiguang Temple out of Nanmenwai wasthe key to the south road. On July 5，Nie Shicheng ledthe calvary barrack there and built emplacements. OnJuly 6，Nie Shicheng ordered the soldiers to place twocannons on the soil stage of Xiaoximen. The fire on theconcessions and Hippodrome was so abrupt that theenemies had no preparation. About 500 cavalrymen ranabout the Hippodrome for conceal. When they appearedagain，they were hit by the shells. A Britain officerrecalled that their position was nearly lost when they metthe bombardment from Nie Shicheng\'s artillery.

At night，Nie Shicheng chose one hundred bravesoldiers. He shipped them to the Hippodrome by WeijinRiver. They threw mines，which wounded and killedmany enemies. In the next day，Nie Shicheng led hisarmies along Machang Road to attack the enemy\'spositions. They fought to Xiaoyingmen，the edge of theconcession and occupied the emplacement. The invadersran away with cannons.

In the morning of July 9，6000 enemy soldiersdeparted from the concessions and attacked thesouthwest of Tianjin. The 2000 Japanese soldiersattacked as the pioneers. They were divided into twoforces towards the Nie Shicheng\'s position. About 500Japanese cavalrymen occupied Jijiazhuang. The mainforce of the enemies went directly to Xiaoyingmen andthe area near Machang Road. The Qing army went alongthe Machang Road and retreated to Balitai.

On July 9，1900，Nie Shicheng got the informationthat the enemies would attack Balitai. He went fromMachiery Bureau of Haiguang Temple to Balitai at nightand organized his power again for the protection ofBalitai. 1000 Japanese soldiers began to attack Balitai，assisted by 1000 Russian，Britain and American soldiers.Nie Shicheng\'s army was besieged. On the battle field，bullets were flying，smoke rolling，and detonationvibrating.

Nie Shicheng remained calm and commanded thearmy for more than two hours. He ran before the soldiers.His legs were hurt by bullets with blood running，buthe still sat on the horse and led his army. His officerSong Zhanbiao cried and begged Nie Shicheng to havea rest，but he did not agree. With a sword in his hand，he shouted to his army，"Today is the day to die forour country. We could never retreat." He hewed theenemies courageously. Suddenly，a shell bombed nearhim. His cheeks，legs and brain were wounded. Thelower abdomen was shot through with guts coming out.He continued to command the soldiers to fight back theenemies again and again. In the end，his chest was hit bya bullet. Nie Shicheng sacrificed his life for the motherland. 350 officers and soldiers died，including SongZhanbiao. That was the famous Balitai Defense Battle inthe modern history of China.

Under the pressure from the imperialists，the QingGovernment did not erect stele for the memory of NieShicheng at Balitai until 1905. His posthumous title was"loyalty". In the front of the stele engraved the words of"the place where his honorary Nie died". Two coupletswere engraved in two stone pillars to praise his courageand loyalty. The Balitai Bridge was renamed as "MrNie\'s Bridge".

·1905年建的聂公碑(现无存)

聂士成在天津保卫战中英勇阵亡

聂士成在天津保卫战中英勇阵亡

历史百科 聂士成殉国

历史百科聂士成殉国