知识大全剪纸的历史（英文简介）

Posted 2022-07-29 剪纸

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剪纸的历史（英文简介）

微雕剪纸激光切割机客户认为：剪纸传承中国传统（以手工刀刻为主）民间剪纸！面对今天人力资源短缺，手工作业已经逐渐被高科技产品微雕激光切割机取代，效率和费用得到了广大加工剪纸吊钱，绒布剪纸等传统民间艺术加工认可。
一、概述
剪纸是中国传统的文化宝典，他在居家装饰，办公场所，节庆礼品都充当了可贵的角色，为世界带来了一份天地！
二、目前的剪纸作品包括：
1、各形状单彩色剪纸，包括新春窗花剪纸、福字剪纸，各种动物、人物、景物剪纸、各种中国传统民俗，各种来图定做等；
2、艺术剪纸，复杂度较高，对版面进行详细设计，剪纸精度要求较高，版面一般较大，内容多以古典、名著、传说、名景、人物、神圣之物、文字、景、物等，近几年增添了现代剪纸作品，西方剪纸，欧洲风情等；
3、传统工艺装裱剪纸、字画，装裱之后，剪纸档次更上一层楼，极具收藏价值！
4、剪纸礼品画册、剪纸挂历、剪纸台历、剪纸屏风等深加工业务，针对年俗，企事业单位礼品，企业随产品礼品，产品促销礼品等；
5、花鸟鱼虫（凤凰牡丹，雄鹰展翅，锦上添花，大展宏图，富贵平安，花开富贵，花鸟，花瓶，菊花，荷花，春夏秋冬，连年有余，金鱼，百蝶图，花蝴蝶，花扇图，孔雀，百鸟朝凤，单风朝阳，凤凰，龙，孔雀，细丝花鸟，吉祥如意，猫，松鹤集图，熊猫等）
6、民俗产品（关公，九鱼呈祥，六子争头，龙，穆桂英挂帅，麒麟送子图，威扬神州，西游记，知足常乐，二龙戏珠，新年春节福字等）
7、脸谱系列（京剧脸谱、卡通脸谱、个性脸谱等）
8、十二生肖（圆形生肖、生肖形状、卡通生肖、连体生肖、生肖福字等）
9、人物系列（鲁迅、齐白石、笛声、古美女系列、名著人物系列）
10、大幅作品（店庆促销、屋内壁挂等，幅度长边在40～120cm；内容有：大发财源-招财进宝图、万事如意-鱼福字、大发财源-发字图、四季平安字图，财源广进字图、万事如意字图、寿字图、财源广进-生意兴隆字图、万事如意-欢度春节字图、财源广进-恭喜发财字图）
11、大幅细作（九龙壁，九龙图，红楼梦大观园，剪纸册，丹凤朝阳，清明上河图全景（5米／8米／定制），龙凤呈祥，马到成功，前程万里，清明上河图（分段），三国五虎上将，贵妃醉酒，杨八姐游春，醉八仙、八俊全图、水浒108将、多种花鸟名画、福禄寿大幅字画，百米年画传统民俗组图集等
12、婚庆专区（各种婚庆喜字、大、中、小，特大床喜等；婚庆人物剪纸装裱（需提供照片）
13、文字剪纸（提供各种字体文字剪纸）
14、烫金剪纸（各种大小，多种纸面加工，可作大幅烫金面积）
15、绒布剪纸（烫金系列、不烫金系列）
16、客户定制作品（可提供原图处理打样，版费具体根据版面和打样尺寸来定）
17、办公用品-促销礼品-中国传统民俗民间艺术品
18、剪纸工具，剪纸用各种工具，包括蜡板、刻刀、磨石、砂纸、微雕激光切割机等
19、微雕剪纸激光切割机绒布剪纸培训

linux的历史英文简介

楼主可以先中文的进行多方面的了解,然后再将其译成英文.我相信,这样会对理解及各方面都有很大帮助!

剪纸的英文简介

The paper-cut is one of the folks traditional decorative art which China popularizes the most. Probably because its so easy that, cost cheap, result stand and see, meet surface wide and wele generally material; Because it suit rural produce leisure by woman, it acts as practibility can beautify life also most. All parts of the country can see paper-cuts , have even formed different local style schools . The paper-cut has not only displayed the masses\' aesthetic hobby, and include and aumulating , It is one of the skills of the people that has the characteristic most in China too, its modelling characteristic especially deserves to be studied...

徐州的历史英文简介

Xuzhou is the hometown of Han emperor Liu Bang, but also its rich land. BC 206 in April for the Hanwang Liu Xiang Yu closure after Chuhan After more than four years of war, in 202 BC in October in line Dingtao emperor Liu Bang in the ceremony, the beginning of all Luoyang, Chang\'an after resettlement. At this point, the powerful and the Western Han Dynasty of ancient Roman Empire distance phase response, became the world\'s most powerful empire.
Four centuries beeen the Han Dynasty, Xuzhou A total of 13 Chu, five彭城王that there should be 18 burial tomb, in fact, is not the case, the Eastern Han Dynasty in Xuzhou administrative areas now also enfeoffment a下邳States, Four下邳Wang Shan delivery. Such as the underground tomb of the king\'s palace as the geous, and the king during his lifetime preferences curios and treasury savings, do have filled in on the tomb. Xuzhou Han tombs of royal tombs, constitute the culture of the Han Dynasty in Xuzhou "三绝" one.
18 Mausoleum of Han Dynasty in Xuzhou by archaeological Northern Mountain Chu tomb of the second generation, third-generation Chu Lion King, carried the Blue Mountains fourth (e) on behalf of Chu tomb, the sixth generation Kameyama Chu tomb, East Mountain eighth Chu tomb, soil Shandong Pengcheng Han Tomb, etc.. Western Han Tomb in Xuzhou Chu is the most representative of the North Mountain Chu Tomb, Kameyama Chu Chu tomb and the Lion Rock Tomb. "Crack" "qi" "hung," the leading position. Xuzhou culture as one of the Lion Rock三绝terracotta warriors and horses, not only numerous but also a wide range, showing that the rich content: There Bo sleeve robe officials figurines, crown conical cap grip defender weapons figurines, they long braids equipment figurines, full boarding boots and hold negative crossbow bow甲士more than ten kinds, such as figurines. Han Han Dynasty Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Lion Rock is not only the artistic treasures, but also as a military center in Xuzhou historical evidence, not only for the study of the Han Dynasty sculpture high value, the study of social life of the Han Dynasty, burial system, military system are战阵have the same value.
Western Han Dynasty in Xuzhou area is popular崖洞tomb, Eastern Han Dynasty, burial shapes have changed, the prevalence of the Han Dynasty Tomb. Han Dynasty stone is carved in the tomb of Han people, the hall\'s carved murals. Han Dynasty stone carving art history in China, oupies an important position. China\'s Han Dynasty in Xuzhou stone concentrated one, the current of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Xuzhou area more than 700 pieces of stone, collecting stones of the Han Dynasty in Xuzhou Museum of Art more than 500 pieces of stone. Xu stone garden with Xuzhou, Nanjing Six Dynasties tomb stone, and known as "relics of Jiangsu Sambo." In addition to Han, the Han figurines, Han Stone Carvings outside of the Han Dynasty in Xuzhou antiques in China, the Han culture is to play the leading role soliciting told Head, North Mountain Chu tomb unearthed more than 220 color figurines; Rock Chu Tomb unearthed iron armor, jade coffin and jade leopard; small Kameyama Chu tomb unearthed Crystal with fishing, Liu Note silver, volcanic tomb unearthed jade clothes Parrotia; soil excavated Han Yan兽形gold; Sui Nanjing Liu Han Tomb unearthed bronze floor lamp, such as cattle precious relics, are among the treasures.
"Chiashan Department is not easy to know, when there are to those who know", Xuzhou Han Dynasty cultural landscape there are still many left over from history and sites, such as Malaysia and Taiwan opera, Surabaya kiosks, King House, Cornwall wind Taiwan拔剑Stephen, ovary Temple, the tomb of King mother and so on, each attractions, has a section of the history of moving stories, reminiscent of the Chu-Han war situation. Ma plays Taiwan high-profile autumn, will enable you will see King Xiang Yu Chu "Li Nukiyama Come gas matchless" Treasures of the King; song Wind Song Brickshooter Taiwan winds, allows you to enjoy the Han emperor Liu Bang "winds e from cloud Feiyang "the eternal farewell; ovary Temple of Chenzhong暮鼓will make you" bulk吹箫Zhang Chu army, "the legend of the imagination. All of these, but also the Han Dynasty in Xuzhou added a bit mysterious culture colors. A historian historical and cultural city in China, the seminar said: "such as Xuzhou city, renowned the Han culture so rich contents of the historic city in China is unique."
（中文）徐州，是汉高祖刘邦的故乡，也是其发迹之地。公元前206年4月项羽封刘邦为汉王以后，经过四年多楚汉战争，于公元前202年10月刘邦在定陶行皇帝礼，初都洛阳，后徙长安。此时，强大的汉王朝与西方的古罗马帝国遥相响应，成为当时世界上最强大的帝国。
两汉四百年间，徐州共有十三位楚王、五个彭城王，应有十八座王陵墓葬，其实还不仅如此，东汉时期，在现在的徐州行政区域内还分封过一个下邳国，有四位下邳王嬗递。这些国王的陵墓犹如地下宫殿般的华丽，国王生前喜好的珍玩和国库的积蓄，尽都填充于墓室中。徐州汉墓中的王陵墓葬，构成了徐州两汉文化的“三绝”之一。
徐州汉代十八陵经考古的有北洞山第二代楚王墓、狮子山第三代楚王陵、驮蓝山第四（五）代楚王陵、龟山第六代楚王墓、东洞山第八代楚王陵、土山东汉彭城王陵等。徐州西汉楚王陵最具代表性的莫过于北洞山楚王陵、龟山楚王陵和狮子山楚王陵。以“精”“奇”“雄”各领风骚。被誉为徐州文化三绝之一的狮子山兵马俑，不仅数量众多，而且种类繁多，显示出丰富的内容：有博袖长袍的官员俑、冠帻握兵器的卫士俑、执长器械的发辫俑、足登战靴和抱弩负弓的甲士俑等十余种。狮子山汉兵马俑既是汉代的艺术珍品，又是徐州作为军事重镇的历史见证，不仅对研究汉代雕塑艺术有极高的价值，对于研究汉代社会性生活、丧葬制度、军制战阵都有着同样的价值。
西汉时期徐州地区流行的是崖洞墓，东汉时期，墓葬形制发生了变化，盛行的是汉画像石墓。汉画像石是汉代人雕刻在墓室、礼堂里的雕刻壁画。汉画像石雕刻在中国美术史上占有重要的位置。徐州是中国汉画像石的集中分布地之一，目前徐州地区出土汉画像石700余块，收藏在徐州汉画像石艺术馆的画像石500余块。徐汉画像石同苏州园林、南京六朝陵墓石雕，并称为“江苏文物三宝”。除汉墓、汉俑、汉画之外，徐州的两汉文物精品，在中国的两汉文化中也是独领风骚，引人嘱目，北洞山楚王陵出土的220余件彩俑；狮子山楚王陵出土的铁铠甲、玉棺、玉豹；小龟山楚王墓出土的水晶带钓、刘注银、火山汉墓出土的银缕玉衣；土山汉墓出土的鎏金兽形砚；睢宁刘楼汉墓出土的铜牛灯等珍贵文物，皆属国宝。
“佳处未易识，当有来者知”，徐州两汉文化景观中还有许多历史上遗留下来的胜迹，诸如戏马台、泗水亭、霸王楼、歌风台、拔剑泉、子房祠、王陵母墓等，每处景点，都有一段动人的历史故事，使人联想到的是楚汉战争的硝烟风云。戏马台的高台秋风，可使你概见楚霸王项羽“力拔山兮气盖世”的霸王雄风；歌风台的大风歌古碑，能让你领略汉高祖刘邦“大风起兮云飞扬”的千古绝唱；子房祠的晨钟暮鼓，会令你对“张良吹箫散楚兵”的传说浮想联翩。所有这些，又为徐州的两汉文化平添了几分神秘的色彩。一位历史学家在中国历史文化名城研讨会上这样说：“象徐州这样的城市，荟萃两汉文化如此丰盛的内容，在中国的历史名城中是绝无仅有的。”

剪纸的历史

剪纸，又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。区别在创作时，有的用剪子，有的用刻刀，虽然工具有别，但创作出来的艺术作品基本相同，人们统称为剪纸。剪纸是一种镂空艺术，其在视觉上给人以透空的感觉和艺术享受。其载体可以是纸张、金银箔、树皮、树叶、布、皮、革等片状材料。
目录
简介
历史
史籍
创作构图方法
造型手段
工具说明
剪纸刻法
工具流程
现代剪纸
装裱形式镜框装裱
纸版装裱
卷轴装裱
压胶装裱
象征意义
南方派湖北沔阳剪纸
广东佛山剪纸
福建民间剪纸
江浙派江苏扬州剪纸
浙江民间剪纸
北方派山西剪纸
广灵剪纸
晋城剪纸
河北蔚县剪纸
陕西民间剪纸
山东民间剪纸
潮阳剪纸
河北阜城剪纸
代表人物库淑兰
朱华梅
曹佃祥
王老赏
李闽
基本信息
内容简介
简介
历史
史籍
创作构图方法
造型手段
工具说明
剪纸刻法
工具流程
现代剪纸
装裱形式镜框装裱
纸版装裱
卷轴装裱
压胶装裱
象征意义
南方派
湖北沔阳剪纸广东佛山剪纸福建民间剪纸江浙派
江苏扬州剪纸浙江民间剪纸北方派
山西剪纸广灵剪纸晋城剪纸河北蔚县剪纸陕西民间剪纸山东民间剪纸潮阳剪纸河北阜城剪纸代表人物
库淑兰朱华梅曹佃祥王老赏李闽基本信息内容简介展开编辑本段简介
2006年5月20日，剪纸艺术遗产经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。2007年6月5日，经国家文化部确定，河北省蔚县的王老赏大弟子周兆明为该文化遗产项目代表性传承人，并被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产项目226名代表性传承人名单。2007年6月8日，上海市李守白剪纸剪纸
?大师工作室获得国家文化部颁布的首届文化遗产日奖。 2008年9月1日，梨乡风情剪纸坊正式成立，作品在传承传统山东民间剪纸的基础上，揉进了南方剪纸的清秀婉约，并创新实践了人物肖像剪纸。 2009年9月30日，中国剪纸经联合国教科文组织保护非物质文化遗产政府间委员会的审批列入第四批《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》。 2010年是农历虎年，浙江桐庐剪纸协会会长朱维桢老先生创作了一幅宽10米、高7米的单体虎剪纸。这幅作品经现场认证，入选中国世界纪录协会世界最大的单体虎剪纸，创造了剪纸艺术的又一项世界之最。为虎年的到来增添了吉祥和喜气。
编辑本段历史
我国的民间剪纸手工艺术有它自身的形成和发展过程，我国纸的发明是在公元前的西汉时代（公元前6世纪），当时人们运用薄片材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品，却早在未出现纸时就已流行，即以雕、镂、剔、刻、剪的技法在金箔、皮革、绢帛，甚至在树叶上剪刻纹样。《史记》中的剪桐封弟记述了西周初期成王用梧桐叶剪成“圭”赐其弟，封姬虞到唐为侯。战国时期就有用皮革镂花，（湖北江凌望山一号楚墓出土文物之一），银箔镂空刻花（河南辉县固围村战国遗址出土文物之一），都与剪纸同出一撤，他们的出现都为民间剪纸的形成奠定了一定的基础。我国最早的剪纸作品发现，是在1967年我国考古学世界最大的剪纸虎
家在新疆吐鲁番盆地的高昌遗址附近的阿斯塔那古北朝墓群中，发现的两张团花剪纸，他们采用的是麻料纸，都是折叠型祭祀剪纸，他们的发现为我国的剪纸形成提供了实物佐证。关于剪纸手工艺术的历史，即真正意义上的剪纸，应该从纸的出现开始。汉代纸的发明促使了剪纸的出现、发展与普及。纸张是一种很容易霉烂的材料，在我国东南部地区气候湿润，再加上当地每年五、六月的梅雨天，时间一长纸张制品就霉烂，而民间剪纸又是一种大众化的东西，人们不会象珍宝一样保存起来，搞坏了自己还可以再剪。而在我国西北地区天干少雨，气候干燥，纸张也不易霉烂，这也可能是新疆吐鲁番地区发现北朝剪纸的一个重要原因之一。唐代剪纸已处于大发展时期，杜甫诗中有“暖水濯我足，剪纸招我魂”的句子，以剪纸招魂的风俗当时就已流传民间。现藏于大英博物馆的唐代剪纸均可看出当时剪纸手工艺术水平已极高，画面构图完整，表达一种天上人间的理想境界。唐代流行颉，其镂花木版纹样具有剪纸特色，如现藏日本正仓院的“对羊”，其羊的纹样就是典型的剪纸手工艺术表现手法。唐代民间还出现了利用剪纸形式制作的漏版印花板，人们用厚纸雕刻成花版，将染料漏印到布匹上，形成美丽的图案。宋代造纸业成熟，纸品名目繁多，为剪纸的普及提供了条件。如成为民间礼品的“礼花”，贴于窗上的“窗花”，或用于灯彩、茶盏的装饰。宋代民间剪纸的运用范围逐渐扩大，江西吉州窑将剪纸作为陶瓷的花样，通过上釉、烧制使陶瓷更加精美；民间还采用剪纸的形式，用驴、牛、马、羊等动物的皮、雕刻成皮影戏的人物造型；蓝印花布工艺制作的镂花制版是用油纸板雕镂成纹，刮浆印花的花版纹样就是采用剪纸的技法，有阴、阳刻之分，长线要割断，以点分虚实。明、清时期剪纸手工艺术走向成熟，并达到鼎盛时期。民间剪纸手工艺术的运用范围更为广泛，举凡民间灯彩上的花饰，扇面上的纹饰，以及刺绣的花样等等，无一不是利用剪纸作为装饰成再加工的。而更多的是我国民间常常将剪纸作为装饰家居的饰物，美化居家环境，如门栈、窗花、柜花、喜花，棚顶花等都是用来装饰门窗、房间的剪纸。除南宋以后出现的纸扎花样工匠外，中国民间剪纸手工艺的最基本的队伍，还是那些农村妇女。女红是我国传统女性完美的一个重要标志，作为女红的必修技巧——剪纸，也就成了女孩子从小就要学习的手工艺。她们从前辈或姐妹那里要来学习剪纸的花样，通过临剪、重剪、画剪、描绘自己熟悉而热爱的自然景物，鱼虫鸟兽、花草树木、亭桥风景，以至最后达到随心所欲的境界，信手剪出新的花样来。中国民间剪纸手工艺术，犹如一株常春藤，古老而长青，它特有的普及性、实用性、审美性成为了符合民众心理需要的象征意义。
编辑本段史籍
早在汉、唐时代，民间妇女即有用金银箔和彩帛剪成方胜、花鸟贴在鬓角为饰的风尚。后来逐步发展，在节日中，用色纸剪成各种花草、动物或故事人物，贴在窗户上（叫“窗花”）、门楣上（叫“门签”）作为装饰，也有作为礼品装饰或刺绣花样之用的。剪纸艺术源远流长，在古代诗词典籍中，也被广泛的记载： 1. 唐朝的崔道融所留传的诗中，有这样的词句：“欲剪宜春字，春寒人剪刀”这里所讲的“宜春帖子”，也就是现在人们所熟悉的剪纸。 2. 唐朝的李商隐《人曰》诗：“镂金作胜传荆俗，剪彩为人起晋风”。剪彩也就是剪纸。 3. 唐朝的段成式《酉阳杂俎》说：“立春日，士大夫之家，剪纸为小蟠,或悬于佳人之首，或缀于花下，又剪为春蝶，春胜以戏之。” 4. 南宋的周密所著《志雅堂诗杂钞》中写有：“旧都天衔，有剪诸色花样者，极精妙。又中原有余承志者，每剪诸家书字，毕专门。其后有少年能于衣袖中剪字及花朵之类，极精工。”即是“开封”府，“剪花样”指的自然是“剪纸”。 5. 广州建德县志云：“林文辉，字纲齐，剪纸为字，飞动如龙蛇，点差不差毫发，室人装璜成轴，易薪米以自给，人称之曰剪”。鹿鹤同春
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[1]

求剪纸的历史

『汉妃抱娃窗前耍，巧剪桐叶照窗纱。』利用薄片材料
剪刻镂花，在有纸以前就已经不乏，如汉代的金银箔刻花。但确切意义上的剪纸，当然是在有纸以后。我国是发明纸的国家，早在西汉时代已开始造纸。至此，利用
纸便于剪刻镂空的性能符合民俗所需的剪纸艺术，随之在民众之中产生。然而，目前发现最早的剪纸实物，是新疆吐鲁番火焰山附近出土的北朝时期（西元386一
581年）五幅团花剪纸。这几幅剪纸，采用重复折叠的方式和形象互不遮挡的处理手法，与今天的民间团花剪纸极其相似。

唐代以后的剪纸实物已属罕见。有皮革刻花冠饰和漏版印花图案可作佐证。宋代出现了行业性质的剪纸和用于工艺装饰的剪纸，其较为多见的例子是吉州窑宋代瓷器
上的剪纸纹样。另外，宋代皮影盛行，也有用纸制作皮影的，称为『纸窗影子』。现在某些地区仍有类似皮影风格的剪纸，可见这两种相近似的艺术形式相互间的影
响和汇流。明清剪纸传世作品有刺绣底样、扇面装饰、窗花等，风格趋向精细秀丽。俗中求雅。
由于剪纸只是应民情风俗的需要而存在，其材料又不易保存，所以，很少有真正代表不同历史时期面貌的作品传世。我们不妨从历代的典籍载记和文人的字行中，寻到一些蛛丝马迹。『暖汤灌我足，剪纸招吾魂』 ----- 唐·杜甫《彭衙行》
『楼金做胜传荆俗，剪彩为人起晋风』----- 唐·李商隐《人日》
『吴越践王于行吉日……城外百户。不张悬锦缎，皆用彩纸剪人马以代』----- 五代《武林梵志》
『向旧都天街，有剪诸色花样者，极精妙，随所欲而成……有少年能手于袖中剪字及花朵之类…… -----』周密《志雅堂杂钞》
『嘉靖中制夹纱灯，刻纸刻成花竹禽鸟之状。随轻浓罩色，熔蜡徐染，用轻绍夹之，映日则光明莹彻，芳菲翔舞，恍在轻烟之中，与真者莫辨。』 ------ 明《苏州府志》
『石女，张蔡公之女也，有巧思，与人接谈，袖中细剪春花秋菊，细草垂柳，罔不入神……』 ----- 清《保定府志》
我国长期民情风俗的稳定和许多边远地区文化上的封闭，剪纸的某些纹样还较为可信地保持着初始的基本形态在民间流传。如壮甫诗中提到的陕西白水等地一带的招魂剪纸，至今仍在那里仍可见类似形式的作品。

剪纸的历史剪纸有多少年的历史了

纸的发明是在公元前的西汉时代（公元前6世纪），在此之前是不可能有剪纸艺术的出现的，但当时人们运用薄片材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品，却早在未出现纸时就已流行，即以雕、镂、剔、刻、剪的技法在金箔、皮革、绢帛，甚至在树叶上剪刻纹样。《史记》中的剪桐封弟记述了西
北朝对马团花剪纸（左为残片，右为复原图）
周初期周成王用梧桐叶剪成“圭”赐其弟，封姬虞到唐为侯。战国时期就有用皮革镂花，（湖北江凌望山一号楚墓出土文物之一），银箔镂空刻花（河南辉县固围村战国遗址出土文物之一），都与剪纸同出一撤，他们的出现都为民间剪纸的形成奠定了一定的基础。
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南非的历史简介，英文的

South African history
In Portuguese navigator tiago 1488 led the first fleet cape.
The Dutchman fan in the lead in the fleet baker, establish table bay
The cape of colonies, became the first settled in South Africa\'s white.
In 1795 British colonial oupation of the cape.
1835-1840 to escape from British rule, Boolean is in the Netherlands
As to the northern European immigrants early seed "transfer".
1838 Boolean surrounded with any Zulu NaDaEr area in the river, "blood
"The zulus defeat
1867 found near the kimberley diamond mine, prompting diamond mining rapidly.
In 1880-1881 English and YingBu first world war.
In 1886 Gee harrison is found in Johannesburg, large-scale gold
Veins, sparking mass "the gold rush".
1899 to 1902 second YingBu war erupted, the victory.
In 1910, South Africa federal established. The cape colonies, NaDaEr colonies, Germany
The genus streptobacillus and orange ZiYouBang into unity British dominion.
South African national congress in 1912, the natives in 1923 was renamed in South Africa
Continent people\'s national assembly, referred to as anc.
In 1948, the kuomintang headed on malan white won the election, began to introduce more
For severe policy of apartheid.
1960 emancipation of the pass a law of motion by suppression,
ShaPei massacre ourred Wells. Such anization was banned. Anc
In 1961, South Africa, South African republic from the monwealth. Anc and functional
The big start armed struggle.
In 1962, nelson mandela was anc leaders in 1964, and GeWen after
Mr Mbeki (South African President thabo mbeki\'s father who was sentenced to) etc
Life in prison, held in LuoBenDao.
In 1989, South Africa\'s President, and DeKeLeKe sueeded in February announced to cancel the party
Nelson mandela, release.
In 1991 DeKeLeKe announced the abolition of the residual segregation laws. Democracy."
South African conference "began negotiations. Constitutional system came
1993 South Africa constitutional system came through a historical breakthrough talks, South Africa
When the constitution.
In 1994, the first national elections held in South Africa, nelson mandela, winning the anc
RenNaFei history to the first black President.
In 1996, the first part of the new constitution of racism. DeKeLeKe lead
The kuomintang government of national unity, from the DeKeLeKe in September
Quit politics.
On January 1, 1998, South Africa and China\'s official diplomatic relations.
In 1999, the second national elections held, as Mr Mbeki anc
South African President nelson mandela, the black official retirement.

用英文简述京剧的历史

Introduction of Peking (Beijing) Opera
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peking opera of China is a national treasure with a history of 200 years. In the 55th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty(1790) ,the four big Huiban opera Troupes entered the capital and bined with Kunqu opera, Yiyang opera, Hanju opera and Luantan in Beijing\'s thearetical circle of the time. Through a period of more than half a century of bination and integration of various kinds of opera there evolved the present Peking opera, the biggest kind of opera in China, whose richness of repertoire, great number of artists of performance and of audiences, and profound influence are inparable in China.
Peking opera is a synthesis of stylized action, singing, dialogue and mime, acrobatic fighting and dancing to represent a story or depict different characters and their feelings of gladness, anger, sorrow, happiness, surprise, fear and sadness. In Peking opera there are four main types of roles: sheng (male) dan (young female), jing( painted face,male), and chou (clown, male or female). The characters may be loyal or treacherous, beautiful or ugly, good or bad, their images being vividly manifested.
The repertoire of Peking opera is mainly engaged in fairy tales of preceding dynasties, important historical events, emperors, ministers and generals, geniuses and great beauties, from the ancient times to Yao, Shun, Yu, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period and the dynasties of Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing.
The music of Peking opera is that of the "plate and cavity style".Its melody with harmonious rhythms is graceful and pleasing to the ears. The melody may be classified into o groups: "Xipi" and "erhong", guiding pattern, original pattern, slow pattern, quick pattern, desultary pattern being their chief patterns. The performance is acpanied by a tune played on wind instruments, percussion instruments and stringed instruments, the chief musical instruments being jinghu (a o-stringed bowed instrument with a high register), yueqin( a four-stringed plucked instrument with a full-moon-shaped sound box), Sanxian( a three-stringed plucked instrument), suona horn, flute drum, big-gong, cymbals, small-gong, etc.
The costumes in Peking opera are graceful, magnificent, elegant and brilliant, most of which are made in handicraft embroidery. As the traditional Chinese pattern are adopted, the costumes are of a high aesthetic value.
The types of facial make-ups in Peking opera are rich and various, depicting different characters and remarkable images, therefore they are highly appreciated. Moreover there are numerous fixed editions of facial make-up.
Since Mei Lanfang, the grand master of Peking opera, visited Japan in 1919, Peking opera has bee more and more popular with people all over the world, and it has made an excellent contribution to cultural exchange beeen China and the West, to friendly association and to improvement of solidarity.
Peking Opera house of Beijing has been invited to perform in U.S.A., England, France, Germany, Italy (three times), Australia, Japan( four times), Brazil, Turkey, Singapore, South korea and Hongkong (five times). The performances have made an outstanding contribution to Sino-foreign cultural exchange and to the promotion of friendly association of peoples in the world, and were highly appreciated by foreign audiences.
In 1993 Peking Opera House of Beijing as a big Peking opera troupe made a performance visit to Taiwan, pushing the cultural exchange to a new height.
Peking Opera house of Beijing is willing to participate in activities of international cultural exchange and of mercial performances and sincerely hopes that friends in various countries will make contacts with us about cultural exchange and performances.

知识大全 剪纸的历史（英文简介）