知识大全 英语中,现在分词与过去分词是怎么构成的
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英语中,现在分词与过去分词是怎么构成的?它们有什么区别?谢谢了,大神帮忙啊
分词 1.分词的形式 这里所讲的分词包括-ing分词和-ed分词,即传统意义上的现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形+-ing构成(如listening);过去分词通常由动词原形+-ed构成(如listened),但也有不规则形式(如go-gone)。现代英语的绝大多数都是规则动词,不规则的只是少数。 2.分词的基本用法 分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语。下面按照现在分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍。 现在分词的基本用法: 现在分词表示主动的意义;表示一般性的或正在进行的动作;在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分, 1)作表语 现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。例如: This story is quite interesting. The journey without you will be boring. 2)作定语 现在分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。例如: The man following was obviously in a hurry.(现在分词单独作定语) They acted just like a conquering army.(现在分词单独作定语) Do you know the man standing over there by the door? (分词短语作限定性定语) Last night,we caught a thief stealing John’s bike.(分词短语作限定性定语) The name Nebraske es from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”,meaning flat water.(分词短语作非限定性定语) 3)作宾语补足语 a.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,listen to,look at,watch,notice,observe,smell,see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如: I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting. I can smell turkey roasting,and it\'s making me hungry. b.表示“致使”等意义的动词,如catch,get,have,keep,leave,set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如: What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside. Please don\'t keep the machine running while you are away. 4)作状语 现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。例如: Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car.(作时间状语) = When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down by a car. Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam. (作条件状语) = If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam. She sat at a window,reading a book.(作伴随状语) =She sat at a window and read a book. Having won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars.(作原因状语) = Because he had won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars. Even if taking a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting.(作让步状语) = Even if take a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting. The road is under construction,thus causing the delay. (作结果状语) = The road is under construction,and thus caused the delay. 注意,当现在分词作让步状语时,一般放在句首,常常由although,though,even if, unless等连词引入;作结果状语时,一般放在句末,前面可以加so,thus,hence,thereby等副词。 过去分词的基本用法: 与现在分词不同,过去分词表示被动的意义,表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上,只有一种形式。 1)作表语 过去分词作表语表示主浯所处的状态。用作表浯的过去分词大多来自及物动词;不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词,如go,e,assemble等,它们用在连系动词之后,表示完成意义,无被动意义。例如: The man looked quite disappointed. He is greatly discouraged by her refusal. His hair is nearly all gone. 已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语,常见的有:acplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,pleted,plicatcd, confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised, worried等。 做定语 a) 前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义。例如: We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter. = We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter. How many finished products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now? 来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语,能作这样用的仅限以下几个词,这时仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义: a retired worker = a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a faded/withered flower = a flower that has faded the risen sun = the sun that has just risen a returned student = a student who has returned vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished b)用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词,表示被动意义和完成意义。这时相当于一个定语从句。例如: Things seen are better than things heard. = Things which are seen are better than things which are heard. The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious. = The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious. 做宾语补足语 a) see, hear, feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如: Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation. I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street. Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute. d) make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如: I have my clothes washed everyday. Don\'t get your schedule changed;stay with us in the class. He’s trying to make himself understood. Please keep us informed of the latest price. c)like,want,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如: We don\'t like such ics (to be) discussed in class. I wish this problem (to be) solved this week. 4)作状语 用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语,前边往往可以加when, while, if,as if, though。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如: Whenever praised,she blushes.(作时间状语) = Whenever she is praised,she blushes. United,we stand;divided,we fall.(作条件状语) = If we are united,we stand;If we are divided,we fall. Written in great haste,this book is full of errors.(作原因状语) = Because this book is written in great haste,it is full of errors. Mary was reading a love story,pletely lost to the romantic life.(作伴随状浯) = Mary was reading a love story,and was pletely lost to the romantic life. Although born in Germany,John lives and works in U.S.A. (作让步状语) = Although John was born in Germany,he lives and works in U.S.A. 3.分词的完成式及被动式 前面提到过,过去分词只有一种形式,所以这里所讲的完成式及被动式均指现在分词的完成式及被动式。 如果现在分词表示的是一般性动作,不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生,这时要用现在分词的一般形式。例如: Living in the downtown,we found a lot of amusements. 如果现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生,就要用现在分词的完成式“(not) having+过去分词”。例如: Having heard from my father,I was relieved. Not having received any letter from my family,I was worried. 如果现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词所表示的动作的物件,则要用现在分词的被动形式,包括其一般形式“(not) being+过去分词”和其完成形式“(not) having been+过去分词”。例如: Upon being questioned,he denied having robbed the bank. The new method,having been widely used abroad,can increase the working efficiency. 4.分词独立结构 如果过去分词或现在分词带有与句子主语不同的主语,这就构成了独立结构,也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构,通常在句中起状语丛句的作用,表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。例如: The holidays being over,they began to get down to do their work again.(原因状语) = As the holiday was over,they began to get down to do their work again. All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.(条件状语) = All things are considered,her paper is of greater value than yours. His homework done,Johan went out to play. (时间状语) = After his homework had been done,Johan went out to play. The girl was smiling sweetly,her long hair flowing in the breeze.(伴随状语) 当独立结构表示伴随状况时,可变为由with引导的介词片语, 而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由without引导。例如上例可变为: The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze. Without anyone noticing,I slipped out of the room. 独立结构的位置比较灵活,它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外,独立结构中用作主语的名词之前的限定词有时可以省略。例如: The manager sat quietly in his office,(his) eyes closed. He stood in the doorway,(his) wet cloak dripping water on the rug,and waited for some sign of recognition.
英语中,现在分词与过去分词是怎么构成的?它们有什么区别?
现在分词一般是动词原形+ing,过去分词一般和过去式一样都是动词原形+ed,
现在分词用于现在进行时:be+现在分词
过去分词用于现在完成时:have/has+过去分词 或者 被动语态:be+过去分词
过去分词与现在分词被动有什么区别
现在分词被动式与过去分词的区别 过去分词和现在分词的被动式都表示被动意义,那么在实际使用中怎样才能准确而迅速地确定用哪一种表示式呢?本文就这个问题用比较法谈谈几点看法。分词的三种被动形式是: A:过去分词done B:现在分词被动语态一般式 being done C:现在分词被动语态完成式having been done 过去分词表示(1)被动动作,(2)动作完成。现在分词被动语态一般式表示(1)被动动作,(2)动作正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行。现在分词被动语态完成式表示(1)被动动作,(2)动作已在谓语动词的动作之前发生或完成。 三者的共同点都是表示被动,而不同点是时间内含不同;过去分词的时间指的是自身动作已完成,不与谓语动词动作的时间相比孰前孰后,而现在分词被动一般式的时间指的是分词的动和正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行。现在分词被动完成式的时间则强调动作已在谓语动词的动作之前发生或完成。很明显,后两者都是以谓语动词的动作时间为参照物,在着它们与谓语动词动作的孰前孰后的问题。上述时间上的差异正是我们用以下判断解题的关键。以下分析几个例项: 一、用过去分词。 这是去年引进的一条先进的生产线。 This is an advanced production line introduced last year. 如果加热水就会汽化。 If heated, water is changed into vapour. 上两句中的introduced,heated都是指动作是被动的,与谓语动词不在时间上比较。 因此可以说我们只强调动作的被动性而不侧重于分词动作与谓语动词之动作的时间关系的话,就用过去分词。 Led by the Party, the Chinese people stood up in 1949 and have been marching from victory to victory. 本句中led就只强调被动,与时间无关。 Educated by the teachers, all the boys and girls have learned a lot these years. 本句中的educated的时间性显然是淡化了,而着力于“教育”这个动作。 二、用现在分词被动语态一般式。 正在建设中的电力工程将会在今后的工农业生产中发挥重要作用。 The power project being constructed now will play an important part in agriculture and industry in the future.(being constructed强调被动动作正在进行,因此带了时间概念很强的状语now。) 现在大会上讨论的问题与人人密切相关。 The question being discussed here is closely connected with everyone. (此句中的being discussed这个正在进行的被动动作的时间性是通过here来突出的。) 三、用现在分词被动语态完成式。 客人们参观完了实验室后又被带去看图书馆。 Having been shown around the lab, the guests were taken to see the library. 句中having been shown意在强调它发生于谓语动词were taken之前。同样,下一句“档案打好了以后就发出去了。”只能译成:Having been typed, the papers were sent out.若译成“Being typed, the papers were sent out”就意味着“边打边发”;若译成“Typed, the papers were sent out”又意味着“凡是打好档案,它们就被发出去。”都背离了愿意。
现在分词的被动与过去分词有什么区别
现在分词的被动形式为:having been done
过去分词形式:done
他们存在时间上的差异。现在分词的被动表示什么事情已经被......,而done既可以表示已经......,也可以表示一般笼统的情况。其次,现在分词的被动强调结果。例如:
She was very upset for not having been invited to the party. (先没有被邀请,产生结果她哭了)
她因没有被邀请去参加晚会而感到很伤心。
Having been repaired,the machine runs normally . (先修好后运转)
因为已经修好,机器运转正常。
Having been told many times, he still couldn\'t understand it. (强调结果)
尽管被告诉好几次了,他仍然不能理解它。
Seen from the of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. (任何时候山都美,没有时间要求)
从山顶上看去,这座城市看起来很美。
过去分词和过去试和现在分词有什么区别?
过去分词和过去式 都表示过去的,已经发生过的。用于过去式的句式。
现在分词表示正在发生的,一般用于现在进行时的句式里
一、现在分词
1.构成形式:doing 现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作,还可用于将来时态和过去进行时,在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,只能与助动词一起构成谓语.
2.时态与语态:
一般式doing;一般被动式being done;完成式having done;完成被动式having been done
所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式
3.可作成分(定语 状语 补语 表语 ).
例如:a running boy 作定语,一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句
a boy who is running
二、过去分词
1. 构成形式:一般在动词后加ed,表示过去发生的动作或行为。用于一般过去时,还可以用于被动语态。过去分词不能独立作谓语,只能与助动词一起构成谓语
2.时态与语态:
“have/has/had +过去分词”构成完成时态;
“be+过去分词”构成被动语态
3.可作成分(定语 状语 补语 表语 ):它的作用与现在分词doing类似.过去分词表的意义是被动或完成。
三、动词的过去式:,单独作谓语.不能与助动词、情态动词连用,指的是句子中的动作发生在过去,就要把动词变形,用过去式;如果是用在被动语态中的句子,也就是说动作的发生与主语不是主动的关系,而是被动的关系,就要用上过去分词。有两个句子,可以帮助你分析清楚:
1。My father taught me English last summer holiday.
2.My father was taught English by me last summer holiday.
你看这两句话有什么区别呢?意思分别是:
1。去年暑假,我爸爸教我英语。
2。去年暑假,我教我爸爸英语。
过去分词做状语和现在分词做状语有什么区别?
过去分词表完成,被动,现在分词表主动和进行,being done是现在是,正在被...
现在分词,过去分词在句中的构成,用法与区别
1. 形式:现在分词V-ing, 过去分词V-ed (不规则的要专门查辞典)
2 在句中的用法与区别
.A.用在名词前(或后)修饰名词,作定语。此时,现在分词表示“正在进行、发生”和“主动”;过去分词表示“以完成的动作”或、和“被动”。
具体例子(1)分词在名词前: falling leaves (正在漂落的树叶), fallen leaves (躺地上的)落叶
又如我们平时说喝开水 boiled water(烧开过的), boiling water (正在沸腾的)开水
(2)分词在名词后
a man standing under the tree (正)站在树下的男子
a thief caught in the station 已被抓的小偷
B. 用在句中谓语位置, 现在分成表示“正在进行”,过去分词表示“被动”
具体例子:The man is standing under the tree.
The thief was caught in th station.
C. 作为非谓语动词,在句中作为状语(原因,时间,条件等), 现在分词表示与主语为主动(主谓关系),过去分词表示与主句主语被动(动宾关系)
具体例子: Standing under the three, the man is waitig for the girl to appear again.
Given another chance, we can do it better.
现在分词的被动语态与过去分词有什么区别
现在分词的被动语态应该是being done
过去分词就是done
get与主语是被动关系,此时所谓的过去分词只是修饰完善get意思的
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