知识大全急求一篇中小企业融资难的外文文献（翻译成汉字后3000字左右）

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急求一篇中小企业融资难的外文文献（翻译成汉字后3000字左右）

Bank Market Power and SME Financing
Constraints
Santiago
Carbo-Valverde
Bangor Business School
Gregory
F. Udell
Indiana University Bloomington - Department of
Finance
Francisco
Rodríguez-Fernández
University of Granada - Department of Economic
Theory and History
June 1, 2006
你看看这一篇，挺好的

急求一篇关于中小企业融资的英文文献,字书10000字左右,万分感谢

Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and bination of features, there is a problem in leasing panies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant oupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has bee a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise industry." China in the early 1980s after the introduction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, pared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, oupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, aording to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor\'s lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing pany as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing pany from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management pany set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the plexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, prehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, munications equipment and large plete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to aept the client\'s money or lease of the subject matter, aording to the client\'s written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing missioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-merce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee missioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as missioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project\'s cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing panies to promote their products in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be prehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) product market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment products market risks, which need to know to sell the products, market share rate and oupancy, product trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing panies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the aeptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively plete, the munity is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, modity inspection, mercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people\'s awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a mercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introduction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, due to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the aounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the aounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease aounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the o leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference beeen the o records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount due, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the o in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the aounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor\'s interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the residual value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the aounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement ourred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp duty, mission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Aounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in o parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to reduce long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only reduce the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. Aording to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of bined law. In using the effective interest method, in aordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments aounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset aounted for the value of the lessee does not exist residual value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset residual value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset aounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed residual value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value aounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed residual value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the residual value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to the guaranteed residual value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes pliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in aordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address o main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease aounting residual value after deducting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset residual value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in aordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the o as the depreciation period.
5, the aounting treatment of pliance costs
Many types of pliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "arued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the aounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease aounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "aumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding aounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.

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求有关网际网路金融对中小企业融资的影响的外文文献，三篇！

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献
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哪位大侠帮我找篇关于中小企业融资的外文原文+译文，反成中文2000字左右

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求翻译，我国中小企业融资难问题分析，求手工翻译！

我国中小企业融资难问题分析
Analysis on Difficulties in Financing for SMEs(=Small & Medium Enterprises) in China
Analysis on Financing Difficulties for Chinese SMEs
...
供参

求一篇中小企业对外贸易的外文文献,英文要求有1W字

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或者到知网，维普等中文资料库下载
很多的，校园网内免费获取
校园网外可以利用google学术搜寻，有部分能免费下载

如何有效解决中小企业融资难

二、解决中小企业融资难的对策
(一)中小企业首先要积极提高企业经营管理水平
要通过改革转变经营机制。通过改组优化企业结构，通过改造增强企业后劲，同时引导企业加强管理。面向市场。应迅速建立起适应市场经济的管理模式，注重管理，科技管理一体化，参与大企业、大集团的专业化分工协作，依靠生产和科技，注重质量内涵型发展，通过激烈的生产竞争和优胜劣汰，使其保持活力并不断发展。同时要树立竞争意识。加快企业技术改造和产品的更新。另外，中小企业要取得社会各界的信任与支援，应牢固树立信用观念。
(二)建立和完善与中小企业发展相适应的金融机构体系
一是国有商业银行要成立专门的中小企业信贷部，拓展面向中小企业的存贷款业务，根据中小企业资金需求时间紧、时效强的特点，公开信贷政策，简化业务程式，对一些经营基础和财务制度计划比较好的中小企业实行综合后单项授信，在额度之内优先办理；二是合理调整城市商业银行、城市信用社和农村信用社的信贷投向，突出支援地方重点小企业，使中小金融机构充分发挥支援中小企业的主渠道作用：三是适当建立面向中小企业的小型金融机构，可以建立
中小企业发展银行，作为政策性银行，应根据政府对中小企业的政策及产业结构的调整方向，通过各种贷款引导中小企业健康发展。
(三)进一步健全中小企业的信用担保体系
一是设定中小企业信用担保基金，向符合融资条件但担保资产缺乏的中小企业提供信用保证，弥补其信用不足，并为银行分担贷款风险。二是建立中小企业间互助性担保基金和民营商业性担保基金。基金按照互助、互信、互担风险的原则，向会员提供信用保证，帮助他们向银行取得短期融资。以这些机构为基础，建立省级再担保机构，开展一般再担保和强制再担保业务。担保机构与再担保机构之间约定风险承担比例，对风险性较大的专案应该实行强制性的再担保。中小企业信用担保机构与协作银行要建立良好的合作关系，共同做好对中小企业贷后资金运用的监管工作。
(四)完善政府对中小企业资金的扶持政策
政府部门主要以税收优惠、财政补贴、贷款援助等方式给予资金上的支援。税收优惠是国家通过降低税率、税收减免、提高固定资产折旧等优惠条件，以减轻中小企业的税收负担；而财政补贴是政府通过鼓励中小企业吸纳就业、促进中小企业科技进步和鼓励中小企业出口等方式给予的财政援助；政府帮助中小企业获得贷款的方式有贷款担保、贷款贴息、政府直接的优惠贷款等等。建立市场条件下的政策性融资渠道，进一步改善社会集资方式要广开资金来源，积极鼓励设立中小企业创业投资基金和发展投资基金。专门用于中小企业的建立和发展，扶持和资助中小企业新产品开发、技术创新、人员培训和开拓市场。允许和鼓励公司制中小企业进行股权融资。
(五)鼓励中小企业在承接产业转移中实现转型升级
伴随着我国东部沿海地区资源、劳动力等要素成本的上升，我国中西部地区的成本优势开始显现，产业转移的条件日趋成熟。产业转移是进行产业结构升级和提升产业竞争力的有效方式。有效承接产业转移，不仅可以促进产业转移承接地的经济发展、增加财政收入，还可以提高资源利用效率，实现产业结构快速调整升级。当前面对融资困难，政府要加大在职培训和职业教育投入，帮助减轻中小企业转型升级和产业转移成本；完善中介服务体系，加强对中小企业转型升级的技术指导和资讯咨询；注重改善中西部地区投资环境，加强配套设施建设，降低迁入地的配套成本，吸引产业转移。我国中小企业要重视在产业转移趋势中，苦练内功，加强产品创新和技术革新，提高产品质量和技术含量，增强核心竞争力，提高抗高风险的能力。
(六)完善社会服务体系服务好中小企业的发展
发展中小企业不仅需要财政金融政策的支援，更有赖于社会中介服务体系的健全与完善。要建立我国中小企业融资服务体系，一是各级政府要转变对中小企业的管理职能，推动建立以资金融通、信用担保、技术支援、管理咨询、资讯服务、市场开拓和人才培训等为主要内容的中小企业服务体系。并对中小企业服务体系建设给予必要的资金及政策支援：二是各级政府要从本地实际出发，鼓励和支援各类科研单位、大专院校和各类商会等机构，积极开展面向中小企业的服务，并通过技术洽谈、专利和产品招标、人员培训等方式，为中小企业提供技术创新和科技产业化方面的服务；三是进一步规范抵押评估、登记程式和操作规程，降低收费标准，减轻企业负担。四是大力组建中小企业同业协会，使其成为沟通企业与政府的桥梁纽带，为中小企业提供政策、法律、市场、技术、经济、金融等方面的咨询服务。

如何补齐中小企业融资难这块短板

还是得先谈关于中小企业融资难融资贵的问题成因，然后再谈各方面的解决措施：

从外部因素看，我们国家金融体系发展本身有缺陷，针对中小企业融资的产品和服务体系不健全，政府在法律和制度层面对中小企业融资扶持的设计还不够。（发达市场经济国家，政府机构对中小企业融资问题的重视程度和参与程度非常高，有很多经验我们可以借鉴，我们会做一个他山之石的系列）。不够发达的金融体系，资金提供方通常是供给关系的强势方，可以按自己的风险偏好设定门槛、挑选业务做。资金渠道在面对中小企业融资需求时，往往被调侃为只会做锦上添花的事而不会干雪中送炭的活。

虽然近年中小企业融资创新产品已经很多，但实践的中我们看到这样的情况：资金提供方在设计融资产品时，通常只关注风控，不关注服务；在企业融资申请过程中只提供门槛，不提供帮助。导致企业融资过程总是摸著石头过河，不管走传统机构还是创新渠道，申请失败乃至成功融资，最后产品对企业来说还是觉得雾里看花，搞不明白。导致大部分的融资渠道融资创新也不被中小企业知晓。

从中小企业自身存在的问题看，企业法人自理结构不完善、缺乏长远规划和目标，决策短视、管理能力不强导致抗风险能力弱、生命周期短暂；企业自身行为不当，许多中小企业没有建立完善的财务制度，有的设定几套账目、有的甚至没有建立会计账目，资金管理较为混乱、融资不按约定使用和偿还，这些不当行为导致企业信用水平低下。企业作为融资主体透明度低，不确定因素多，资讯不对称抑制了资金提供者的放贷意愿，导致中小企业融资难。资金提供者为了减少风险提高融资成本又一定程度上导致了融资贵。

了解了原因，我们来看看各方面已经在采取的解决措施：政府近年大力加强推动信用体系建设、加紧出台中小企业融资的政策扶持，同时发展多层次资本市场、认可普惠金融、允许网际网路金融创新都是为了支援中小企业融资。传统金融机构也做了很多针对中小企业融资的业务创新，如加强信用贷款的发放，尝试各种中小企业集合债、集合票据、集合信托产品等等。很多中小企业页认识到自身问题，开始努力提高经营能力，规范公司治理结构和财务管理，维护好企业信用，甚至研究巨集观经济形势变动和经济发展新常态做好企业发展规划。
——选自壹顾问总经理周泉的专访

知识大全 急求一篇中小企业融资难的外文文献 （翻译成汉字后3000字左右）

急求一篇中小企业融资难的外文文献 （翻译成汉字后3000字左右）